Effects of Chemical inhibition of histone deacetylase proteins in the growth and virulence of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid / Efectos de la inhibición química de las proteínas desacetilasas de histonas en el crecimiento y la virulencia de Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid

Abstract Chromatin remodeling enzymes are important "writers'', "readers'' and "erasers'' of the epigenetic code. These proteins are responsible for the placement, recognition, and removal of molecular marks in histone tails that trigger structural and functional changes in chromatin. This is also the case for histone deacetylases (HDACs), i.e., enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone tails, signaling heterochromatin formation. Chromatin remodeling is necessary for cell differentiation processes in eukaryotes, and fungal pathogenesis in plants includes many adaptations to cause disease. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a nonspe-cific, necrotrophic ascomycete phytopathogen that causes charcoal root disease. M. phaseolina is a frequent and highly destructive pathogen in crops such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularly under both water and high temperature stresses. Here, we evaluated the effects of the classical HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on M. phaseolina in vitro growth and virulence. During inhibition assays, the growth of M. phaseolina in solid media, as well as the size of the microsclerotia, were reduced (p <0.05), and the colony morphology was remark-ably affected. Under greenhouse experiments, treatment with TSA reduced (p <0.05) fungal virulence in common bean cv. BAT 477. Tests of LIPK, MAC1 and PMK1 gene expression during the interaction of fungi with BAT 477 revealed noticeable deregulation. Our results provide additional evidence about the role of HATs and HDACs in important biological processes of M. phaseolina.

Resumen Las enzimas remodeladoras de la cromatina son «escritores¼, «lectores¼ y «borradores¼ importantes del código epigenético. Estas proteínas son responsables de la localización, el reconocimiento y la remoción de las marcas moleculares sobre las terminaciones de las histonas que desencadenan cambios funcionales y estructurales en la cromatina. Es el caso de las desacetilasas de histonas (HDAC), enzimas que remueven grupos acetilo de las «colas¼ de las histonas, señalizando la formación de heterocromatina. La anterior es una actividad necesaria en los procesos de diferenciación celular de los eucariotas, y se conoce que la patogénesis fúngica en las plantas requiere de adaptaciones diversas para ocasionar enfermedad. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. es un ascomiceto fitopatógeno, necrótrofo e inespecífico, causante de la pudrición carbonosa. Este es un hongo frecuente y altamente destructivo en cultivos como fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularmente bajo estrés hídrico y térmico. En este trabajo evaluamos los efectos del inhibidor de HDAC clásicas tricostatina A (TSA) sobre el crecimiento in vitro y la virulencia de M. phaseolina. El TSA redujo el crecimiento de M. phaseolina en medio sólido y el tamano de los microesclerocios (p < 0,05), lo que afectó la morfología colonial. En invernadero, el tratamiento con TSA disminuyó (p<0,05) la gravedad de la infección en la variedad de frijol BAT 477. La expresión de los genes de patogenicidad LIPK, MAC1 y PMK1 durante la interacción del hongo con la planta reveló una desregulación importante. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia adicional del papel que cumplen las HDAC en la regulación de procesos biológicos fundamentales de M. phaseolina. © 2023 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

Qualitative Characterization of the Abrasive Component of Charcoal-Containing Toothpastes and the Effect on Dentin Roughness / Caracterización Cualitativa del Componente Abrasivo de las Pastas Dentales que Contienen Carbón Vegetal y la Rugosidad de la Dentina

This study investigated the effect of commercially available whitening toothpastes containing charcoal on dentin. Nine charcoal-containing toothpastes were compared with 3 whitening toothpastes (positive control) and distilled water (negative control). Periodontally hopeless molars were cleaned and washed and the occlusal table removed to expose dentin. The teeth were mounted in auto-polymerizing resin and exposed dentine surfaces polished with water-cooled decreasing grits of silica carbide paper up to 1500 grit. Baseline average roughness (Ra) measurements were taken. Specimens were then mounted in an automatic tooth-brushing machine and brushed for 5000 cycles. Repeat Ra measurements were taken. Specimens were brushed in 5000-cycle increments up to 25,000 cycles with Ra measurements being taken at each time point. Between abrasive challenges specimens were stored in distilled water. All toothpaste samples were sputter coated and examined under a scanning electron microscope to qualify the shape and size of the abrasive components of the formulations. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni. The results demonstrated that the abrasive effect, in terms of increasing Ra, on dentin was noted as early as 5000 cycles for all the tested toothpastes (p<0.05). The effect of continued brushing showed an overall cumulative effect on dentine roughness up to 25000 cycles. When toothpastes were compared between groups at each time-point, dentin specimens brushed with Pursito were statistically similar to the control group. At 25,000 cycles all dentin samples were significantly rougher compared to Pursito and the control groups. It may be concluded that all the tested toothpastes have an abrasive effect on dentin surfaces.

Este estudio investigó el efecto sobre la dentina de las pastas dentales blanqueadoras disponibles en el mercado que contienen carbón vegetal. Se compararon nueve dentífricos que contenían carbón vegetal con 3 dentífricos blanqueadores (control positivo) y agua destilada (control negativo). Los molares sin material periodontal se limpiaron y lavaron y se retiró la tabla oclusal para exponer la dentina. Los dientes se montaron en resina autopolimerizable y las superficies expuestas de la dentina se pulieron con papel de carburo de sílice de grano decreciente enfriado con agua hasta grano 1500. Se tomaron medidas de rugosidad promedio (Ra) de referencia. Luego, las muestras se montaron en una máquina automática de cepillado de dientes y se cepillaron durante 5000 ciclos. Se tomaron medidas repetidas de Ra. Las muestras se cepillaron en incrementos de 5000 ciclos hasta 25 000 ciclos y se tomaron medidas de Ra en cada punto de tiempo. Entre periodos abrasivos, las muestras se almacenaron en agua destilada. Todas las muestras de pasta de dientes se recubrieron por pulverización catódica y se examinaron bajo un microscopio electrónico de barrido para calificar la forma y el tamaño de los componentes abrasivos de las formulaciones. Los datos se analizaron utilizando un análisis de varianza de dos vías de Bonferroni post hoc. Los resultados demostraron que el efecto abrasivo, en términos de aumento de Ra, sobre la dentina se notó ya en 5000 ciclos para todas las pastas dentales probadas (p<0,05). El efecto del cepillado continuo mostró un efecto acumulativo general sobre la rugosidad de la dentina hasta 25.000 ciclos. Cuando se compararon las pastas dentales entre los grupos en cada momento, las muestras de dentina cepilladas con Pursito fueron estadísticamente similares al grupo de control. A los 25.000 ciclos, todas las muestras de dentina eran significativamente más ásperas en comparación con Pursito y los grupos controles. Se puede concluir que todas las pastas dentales probadas tienen un efecto abrasivo sobre las superficies dentinarias.

Estratégias para recuperação de xilooligossacarídeos do licor de resíduos de eucalipto para avaliação do seu efeito estimulante em Staphylococcus xylosus / Strategies for xylooligosaccharides recovery from eucalyptus waste liquor to evaluate their stimulatory effect on Staphylococcus xylosus

Xilooligossacarídeos (XOS) são reconhecidos pelo seu potencial prebiótico relevante para diversos setores industriais e foram obtidos após o pré-tratamento hidrotérmico da biomassa lignocelulósica residual de galhos de eucalipto. Subprodutos inibitórios são gerados durante o processo de solubilização dos oligossacarídeos e acabam comprometendo a utilização do licor em microrganismos. Neste trabalho, o processo de destoxificação, hidrólise enzimática e atividade estimulantes de crescimento da bactéria Staphylococcus xylosus foram estabelecidos. Os resultados mostraram que a adsorção com carvão ativado em pó removeu cerca de 55% do ácido acético e mais de 90% do ácido fórmico, compostos fenólicos, lignina solúvel, furfural e 5-hidroximetilfurfural, e que a soma dos oligossacarídeos xilobiose (X2) e xilotriose (X3) foram maximizadas de 0,57 g/L para 1,21 g/L com 110 U/gXOS da enzima endoxilanase e 6,3% do licor destoxificado na hidrólise enzimática. O consumo de cerca de 63% de X2 e de 46% de X3 pela bactéria em meio basal deficiente em fontes de carbono, mas acrescido com os oligômeros, proporcionou maior crescimento celular em relação aos meios basais com alta composição de carbono, com e sem XOS, revelando seu potencial prebiótico pelo efeito estimulante de crescimento. (AU)

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are recognized for their prebiotic potential relevant to several industrial sectors and were obtained after hydrothermal pretreatment of residual lignocellulosic biomass from eucalyptus branches. Inhibitory by-products are generated during the solubilization process of oligosaccharides and end up compromising the utilization of the liquor in microorganisms. In this work, the detoxification process, enzymatic hydrolysis and growth stimulating activity of Staphylococcus xylosus bacteria were established. The results showed that adsorption with powdered activated carbon removed about 55% of acetic acid and more than 90% of formic acid, phenolic compounds, soluble lignin, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and the sum of the oligosaccharides xylobiose (X2) and xylotriose (X3) were maximized from 0.57 g/L to 1.21 g/L with 110 U/gXOS of the enzyme endoxylanase and 6.3% of the detoxified liquor in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The consumption of X2 and X3 were about 63% and 46%, respectively, by the bacteria in basal medium deficient in carbon sources, but in medium added with the oligomers, provided higher cell growth compared to basal medium with high carbon composition, with and without XOS, revealing its prebiotic potential by its growth-stimulating effect. (AU)

Effect of whitening toothpastes and activated charcoal powder on enamel wear and surface roughness

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate surface roughness (Sa), roughness profile (Rv), and enamel wear after brushing with different whitening toothpastes and charcoal powders. Sixty (n = 10) bovine enamel blocks (6 × 6 × 3 mm) were randomly distributed into six groups according to toothpaste type: regular toothpaste (CONT), toothpaste containing 2% hydrogen peroxide (HP), toothpaste containing titanium dioxide (TiO2), toothpaste containing charcoal (COAL), toothpaste containing charcoal and TiO2 (COAL+TiO2), and activated charcoal powder (COAL_PWD). Each block was subjected to 30,000 reciprocal cycles at a 1:3 proportion slurry. After brushing, the blocks were analyzed using an optical profilometer to determine Sa, Rv, and enamel wear. In addition, representative 3D images of each group and wear profiles were obtained. Sa was analyzed using generalized linear models followed by Bonferroni correction, whereas Rv was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. After brushing, COAL and COAL+TiO2 showed higher Sa values than COAL_PWD. However, no significant difference was observed in Sa between whitening toothpaste and COAL_PWD, and CONT (p > 0.05). In addition, no differences were observed among the groups in Rv (p > 0.05). Conversely, enamel wear was higher for TiO2, COAL, COAL+TiO2, and COAL_PWD than for CONT. CONT showed the least enamel wear, whereas HP showed intermediate values. Representative 3D images and line profiles showed lower step-height and lower mean surface losses for the CONT and HP groups than for the other groups. Whitening toothpastes and COAL_PWD did not increase Sa or Rv compared with CONT, while CONT demonstrated lower enamel wear.

Experimental acute anti-inflammatory activity of preparations with complexed cannabidiol in carriers

Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive compound with promising anti-inflammatory results but has low aqueous solubility. Complexation of drugs with this characteristic in carriers is an alternative to improve their efficiency. This study aimed to prepare and characterize CBD complexes in different carriers, and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of such preparations using an experimental model of edema induction in rat paws. The results were compared to a reference drug, ibuprofen (IBU). The carriers evaluated were beta cyclodextrin (bCD) and activated charcoal (AC). Quantification of the drugs in the complexes was determined, and different qualitative analyses were also performed. Oral treatments in single doses with CBD showed inhibitory effects similar to that of IBU, potentiating its bioactivity without significant adverse effects. CBD*bCD doses at 4.375, 8.75, 17.5, and 35 mg/kg significantly reduced the intensity of edema compared to equivalent doses of pure bioactive. In contrast, CBD*AC did not generate benefits. There was no significant inhibitory effect on myeloperoxidase activity, requiring more specific analyses to assess this parameter. The results suggest that the CBD*bCD complexation is perfectly feasible, increasing its anti-edematogenic efficacy in the experimental model used.

Characterization of whitening toothpastes and their effect on the physical properties of bulk-fill composites

Abstract Objective To characterize activated charcoal and 2% hydrogen peroxide-based toothpastes and investigate their effects on roughness, color change, and gloss of bulk-fill composite resin. Methodology Composite resin specimens (Aura Bulk Fill, SDI) were subjected to 5,000 brushing cycles with regular toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, [RT]), activated charcoal toothpaste (Bianco Dental Carbon, [AC]), or hydrogen peroxide-containing toothpaste (Colgate Luminous White Advanced, [HP]), with or without coffee exposure. The pH, particle characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and weight% of solid particles in the toothpaste were assessed. Roughness (Ra) was evaluated using a surface profile-measuring device, color change (∆Eab/∆E00) by reflectance spectrophotometer, and gloss unit (GU) by glossmeter. Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Friedman, and Nemenyi tests were used, and the correlation coefficient test was performed between Ra and GU (α=0.05). Results RT presented a higher Ra after brushing and did not change after staining with coffee; moreover, the ∆Eab/∆E00 values were higher for RT than HP. Regarding gloss, AC and HP obtained higher values compared to RT. A significant negative correlation between gloss and Ra was found for RT exposed to coffee. All toothpastes had a neutral pH; however, RT had the largest percentage of solids by weight. SEM images showed particles of many sizes: irregular shape (RT), more regular particles (AC), and spherical clusters (HP). Although surface roughness, color change, and gloss may compromise the longevity of restorations, the whitening toothpastes tested did not promote more morphology changes than regular toothpastes.

Effects of Charcoal Preservation Methods on the Biochemical Parameters of Three Varieties of Plantain (Musa ssp)

Aims: To contribute to solving plantain post-harvest losses, six preservation methods combining charcoal and polyethylene bags were experimented on three different varieties of plantain (SACI, Big-Ebanga, and Orishele). Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out at the Biocatalysis and Bioprocesses Laboratory of Nangui Abrogoua University in Abidjan and the Food Technology Laboratory of the National Center for Agronomic Research in Côte d'Ivoire. Methodology: Some Biochemical parameters of these fruits are monitored to know the effects of these preservation methods during storage. Results: The outcomes indicate an average shelf green life extension of up to 30 days for fruits preserved in polyethylene containing charcoal, while fruits preserved in polyethylene without charcoal have only 24 days on average. The control test (fruits stored in the open air) showed an average shelf green life of 12 days. During storage, total carbohydrate levels increase and values range from 92.49% to 70.05%. Those of total sugars also increase and the levels evolve from 0.47 to 30.83 g/100 g DM. On the other hand, there is a decrease in starch levels (42.66 and 64.05 mg/100g DM). Conclusion: Charcoal can extend the shelf green life of plantain bananas for up to a month. These methods can be recommended to actors in the sector to reduce post-harvest losses.

The Cleaning and Whitening Ability of Charcoal Containing Toothpastes and Homeopathic Remedies on Human Tooth Enamel

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research was to determine the cleaning and whitening ability of two charcoal containing toothpastes compared with baking soda, activated charcoal and a hydrogen peroxide containing whitening toothpaste. Tea-stained enamel/dentin slices were mounted dentin side down in cylinders of auto-polymerizing acrylic and subjected to simulated brushin g. Total color, ΔE, and stained area were measured using a reflectance spectrophotometer and ImageJ software using a Hue, Chroma, and Brightness color threshold method; respectively, at prescribed brushing intervals of baseline, months 1, 6 and 12. A two- w ay repeated measure analysis of variance was performed, with included factors being toothpaste group and time. Statistical analys is revealed the included factor of brushing time interval was significant (p<0.05) for both ΔE and stained area. There was significant interaction for both main effects (p<0.05) for the dependent variable of stained area alone. Significant reduction in ΔE values occurred in all groups except Optic White at the 1-month interval. Statistically significant reduction in stained area occurred at 1-mon th for the baking soda group only. Post-hoc Tukey HSD tests revealed there was significant group*time interaction for baking soda at month 1 for the variable stained area. The charcoal containing (Crest 3D with Charcoal and Colgate Essentials) and non-charcoal contai ning toothpastes (Optic White) only produced a significant stain removal at the 6-month interval.

RESUMEN: El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la capacidad de limpieza y blanqueamiento de dos pastas dentales que contienen carbón en comparación con bicarbonato de sodio, carbón activado y una pasta dental blanqueadora que contiene peróxido de hidrógeno. Los cortes de esmalte/dentina teñidos con té se montaron con el lado de la dentina hacia abajo, en cilindros de acrílico autopolimerizable y se sometieron a un cepillado simulado. El color total, ΔE y el área teñida se midieron usando un espectrofotómetro de reflectancia y el software ImageJ usando un método de umbral de color de tono, croma y brillo; respectivamente, en los intervalos de cepillado prescritos al inicio, los meses 1, 6 y 12. Se realizó un análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas de dos vías, con factores incluidos como el grupo de pasta de dientes y el tiempo. El análisis estadístico reveló que el factor incluido del intervalo de tiempo de cepillado fue significativo (p<0,05) tanto para ΔE como para el área manchada. Hubo interacción significativa para ambos efectos principales (p<0,05) para la variable dependiente del área teñida sola. Se produjo una reducción significativa en los valores de ΔE en todos los grupos excepto Optic White en el intervalo de 1 mes. Se produjo una reducción estadísticamente significativa en el área manchada al mes solo para el grupo de bicarbonato de sodio. Las pruebas post-hoc Tukey HSD revelaron que hubo una interacción significativa entre grupo y tiempo para el bicarbonato de sodio en el mes 1 para el área manchada variable. Las pastas dentales que contenían carbón (Crest 3D con Charcoal y Colgate Essentials) y las pastas de dientes que no contenían carbón (Optic White) solo produjeron una eliminación significativa de las manchas en el intervalo de 6 meses.

Determination of the whitening effect of toothpastes on human teeth / Determinación del efecto blanqueador de los dentífricos en dientes humanos

Abstract The desire of individuals to have whiter teeth increases the interest in tooth whitening products. Our aim was to in vitro study the whitening effect of hydrogen peroxide, blue covarine and active charcoal containing whitening toothpastes on human teeth. A total of 40 extracted human incisor teeth were used in the study. To measure the whitening effect of toothpastes, the teeth were divided into four subgroups and placed in the phantom tooth jaw model. Then, daily brushing was done with an electric toothbrush. The colors of the teeth were measured initially using the spectrophotometer (single point and bleached shade mode) and at the end of 7th, 14th and 28th days. Whitening effectiveness of toothpastes were studied according to CIEDE2000 formula (ΔE00) and shade guide units (SGU). One- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were used in the statistical analysis of the data. (p0.05). Blue covarine containing toothpaste had statistically the lowest whitening effect (p<0.05). All toothpastes showed a whitening effect on the teeth after 7 days of use. Activated charcoal containing toothpaste showed more whitening effect after 28 days of use than hydrogen peroxide, blue covarine and traditional toothpaste.

Resumen El deseo de los individuos de tener unos dientes más blancos aumenta el interés por los productos de blanqueamiento dental. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar el efecto blanqueador de las pastas dentales blanqueadoras que contienen peróxido de hidrógeno, covarina azul y carbón activo en dientes humanos in vitro. En el estudio se utilizaron un total de 40 dientes incisivos humanos extraídos. Para medir el efecto blanqueador de los dentífricos, los dientes se dividieron en cuatro subgrupos y se colocaron en el modelo de diente fantasma en mandíbula. A continuación, se realizó un cepillado diario con un cepillo eléctrico. El color de los dientes se midió inicialmente con un espectrofotómetro (modo de punto único y tono blanqueado) y al final de los días 7, 14 y 28. Se estudió la eficacia blanqueadora de los dentífricos según la fórmula CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) y las unidades de guía de color (SGU). En el análisis estadístico de los datos se utilizó el análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA) y la prueba de Tukey. (p0,05). El dentífrico que contiene covarina azul tuvo estadísticamente el menor efecto blanqueador (p<0,05). Todos los dentífricos mostraron un efecto blanqueador en los dientes después de 7 días de uso. Los dentífricos con carbón activado mostraron un mayor efecto blanqueador tras 28 días de uso que el peróxido de hidrógeno, la covarina azul y el dentífrico tradicional.

Value of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided carbon nanoparticles tattooing for rectal cancer in laparoscopic surgery / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To explore the value of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided carbon nanoparticles tattooing for preoperative localization of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer.Methods:Sixty patients diagnosed as having rectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical resection in the 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force from April 2018 to April 2019 were randomly divided into the endoscopic ultrasonography-guided tattoo group (group A), the colonoscopy-guided tattoo group (group B) and the control group (group C) by random number table. The leakage rate of dye in intestinal tract, complications, and the tattooed serosa stained with carbon nanoparticles during laparoscopic surgery were recorded. Identification time of lesions, the total operation time, the length of resected rectal segment, tumor distance to distal resection margin, and the rate of anal preservation were analyzed and the postoperative pathology were compared.Results:In group A, endoscopic ultrasonography revealed 2 cases of suspected tumor extension toward the anal side within distal intestinal wall. The extension length was 0.42 cm and 0.71 cm respectively, and the extension length was 0.36 cm and 0.64 cm under microscope respectively. In group B, the pathology result showed that the extension length was 0.53 cm under microscope. In group C, the pathology result showed that the extension length were 0.43 cm, 0.36 cm and 0.28 cm under microscope respectively. Obvious black staining in the rectal serosa was found in all tattooed patients during the surgery. There were scattered black staining spots at the surface of peritoneum and mesentery in 3 cases in group B. The identification time of lesions in group A and B were shorter than that in group C (1.29 ± 0.87 min, 1.31 ± 0.63 min VS 15.3 ± 10.50 min, P<0.05). The total operation time in group A and B were shorter than that in group C (176.12 ± 27.64 min, 175.67 ± 26.48 min VS 198.65 ± 38.67 min, P<0.05). The length of resected rectal segment in group A and B were shorter than that in group C (11.81 ± 5.76 cm, 12.31 ± 3.94 cm VS 15.24 ± 4.12 cm, P<0.05). The tumor distance to distal resection margin in group A and B were shorter than that in group C (3.61 ± 1.26 cm, 4.57 ± 1.58 cm VS 6.13 ± 2.47 cm, P<0.05). Anal preservation rates of three groups were 65.0% (13/20), 60.0% (12/20), 40.0% (8/20) respectively with no significant difference ( P>0.05). No residual tumor cells were found in any specimens. Conclusion:Carbon nanoparticles tattooing guided by endoscopic ultrasonography could reduce unnecessary intestinal segment incision and shorten the operation time. It can also reveal tumor extension toward the anal side within intestinal wall, which provides more accurate localization for the distal incision of the lower rectal cancer.

Optimization of processing technology of Portulaca oleracea charcoal and its improvement effect on the symptom of hemorrhoid model rats / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To optimize th e p rocessing technology of Portulaca oleracea charcoal，and to investigate its improvement effect on the symptom of hemorrhoid model rats. METHODS The effects of roasting temperature ，dosage and roasting time on the processing technology of P. oleracea charcoal were investigated with Box-Behnken response surface methodology using comprehensive score of tannin content ，water-soluble extract content and appearance properties as the index. The optimal process parameters are selected and verified. The hemorrhoid model rats were treated with P. oleracea charcoal（0.8 g/mL）prepared by the optimal processing technology ，once a day ，for 11 days. After last medication ，the perianal pathological score of hemorrhoid model rats were performed ；serum levels of tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α），interleukin 6（IL-6）and IL- 1β were detected. RESULTS The optimal processing technology of P. oleracea charcoal included roasting temperature of 200 ℃， dosage of 150 g and roasting time of 14 min. Results of validation test showed that the comprehensive score of P. oleracea charcoal was 92.57，and relative error of it with predicted value （96.59）was －4.13％. External use of P. oleracea charcoal 0.8 g/mL prepared by the optimal processing technology could significantly promote the wound healing of hemorrhoid model rats ，reduced the amount of exudate ，and decreased the levels of TNF-α，IL-6 and IL-β in serum. CONCLUSIONS The optimized processing technology of P. oleracea charcoal is feasible. P. oleracea charcoal prepared by the optimized processing technology has good curative effect on the symptom of hemorrhoid model rats.

Produção, caracterização e aplicação de carvão ativado de caroço de pêssego no tratamento de efluente têxtil / Production, characterization, and application of activated charcoal from peach kernel in textile effluent treatment

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a produção de um carvão de caroço de pêssego e também avaliar a adsorção de corantes têxteis pelo carvão ativado de caroço de pêssego. A ativação do carvão foi realizada utilizando cloreto de zinco como agente oxidante. O carvão ativado foi então utilizado na adsorção de corantes, para posterior aplicação no tratamento de um efluente têxtil. Primeiramente, realizou-se a produção de carvão ativado com as temperaturas de 500, 700 e 900°C e tempo de carbonização de 10 15 e 20 minutos e verificou-se a remoção dos corantes preto reativo 5 e azul de metileno. De acordo com a metodologia de superfície de resposta, a melhor temperatura de produção apresentou-se acima de 700°C com tempo de exposição de 10 minutos para os dois corantes. Desse carvão ativado, avaliaram-se os dados de densidade, teor de umidade e cinzas, pH e rendimento. Também foram realizados ensaios cinéticos e de equilíbrio. Os dados foram ajustados a três modelos cinéticos. As medidas para determinação da eficiência na remoção de cor do efluente têxtil foram realizadas pelo método espectrofotométrico e demonstraram média de remoção superior a 62% da cor presente no efluente bruto. Desse modo, o caroço de pêssego demonstrou elevado potencial para a produção de carvão ativado visando o tratamento de efluentes contendo corantes, podendo servir como alternativa de baixo custo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the production of activated charcoal from the peach kernel and assess the adsorption of textile dyes by this activated charcoal. The activation of the charcoal was performed using zinc chloride as the oxidizing agent. The activated charcoal was then used in the adsorption of dyes for later application in the treatment of a textile effluent. Firstly, the production of activated carbon was carried out at temperatures of 500, 700, and 900°C and carbonization time of 10, 15, and 20 minutes and the removal of the Reactive Black 5 and Methylene Blue dyes was verified. According to the methodology of response surface, the best production temperature was above 700°C with 10 min exposure for both dyes. From this activated carbon, data on density, moisture and ash content, pH, and yield were evaluated. Kinetic and equilibrium tests were also performed. The data were fitted to three kinetic models. The measures to determine the efficiency in the color removal of the textile effluent were carried out by the spectrophotometric method and demonstrated an average removal greater than 62% of the color present in the raw effluent. In this way, the peach kernel demonstrated a high potential for the production of activated carbon aiming at the treatment of effluents containing dyes and can serve as a low cost alternative.

Compaction as a sustainable alternative to dried sludge from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater for energy generation / Compactação como uma alternativa de uso sustentável do efluente flotado de abatedouro de aves para geração de energia

ABSTRACT: The generation of wastes in poultry abattoirs has increased considerably in recent years due to the growing demand for chicken meat. This fact, combined with the current need for developing new forms of renewable energy from biomass, and the lack of disposal facilities, motivated this study. We determined the technical feasibility of the barbecue charcoal production using briquettes produced with different blends containing sludge from a poultry abattoir and Pinus spp. shavings. To that end, we have mixed both residues by gradually adding 10 to 90 % of sludge in the blends, which resulted in 9 treatments containing sludge, and 1 containing only shavings. After that, we produced four briquettes of each treatment and charred them by using a heating ramp. After charring, we submitted the charcoal to the analyzes of Moisture Content (MC), Bulk Density (BD), Compressive Resistance (CR), Gross Calorific Value (GCV), and Proximate Analysis (PA). We calculated the Gravimetric Yield (GY) and the Energy Density (ED) by using the results from the other analyzes. Results showed that the CR, the GCV, the Volatile Matter (VM), and the Fixed Carbon Content (FC) of the charcoals decreased by increasing the proportion of sludge in the blends. However, the charcoals' bulk density (BD) increased, which also increased its energy density (ED) and ash content (AC). The best blend to produce charcoal for household use was the one containing 90 % of sludge and 10 % of Pinus spp. shavings.

RESUMO: A geração de efluentes nos abatedouros de aves aumentou consideravelmente nos últimos anos devido à crescente demanda por carne de frango. Esse fato, combinado com a atual necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas formas de energia renovável a partir da biomassa e a falta de instalações de descarte para isso, motivou este estudo. O objetivo foi determinar a viabilidade técnica da produção de carvão para churrasco, usando briquetes produzidos com diferentes misturas contendo lodo de abatedouro de aves e maravalha de Pinus spp. Para determinar a viabilidade técnica, misturou-se os dois resíduos adicionando gradualmente 10-90 % de lodo nas misturas, o que resultou em nove tratamentos contendo lodo e um contendo apenas maravalha. Depois disso, quatro briquetes de cada tratamento foram produzidos e carbonizados. Após a carbonização, os carvões foram submetidos às análises de teor de umidade (MC), densidade a granel (BD), resistência à compressão (CS), poder calorífico superior (GCV) e análise imediata (PA). O Rendimento Gravimétrico (GY) e a Densidade Energética (DE) de cada tratamento foram calculados usando os resultados das outras análises. A resistência à compressão (CR), o poder calorífico superior (GCV), o teor de voláteis (VM) e o teor de carbono fixo (FC) do carvão diminuiu com o aumento da proporção de lodo nas misturas. A densidade aparente (BD), o teor de cinzas (AC) e a densidade energética (ED) aumentaram com o acréscimo de lodo na mistura. A melhor mistura para a produção de carvão de briquetes para uso doméstico foi a que teve 90 % de lodo e 10 % de partículas de Pinus.

Disección axilar dirigida utilizando carbón vegetal como marcador en paciente con cáncer de mama tratada con quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Técnica quirúrgica / Targeted axillary dissection using charcoal as a marker in a patient with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Surgical technique

Describir la técnica quirúrgica de la disección axilar dirigida (DAD) usando carbón vegetal como marcador del ganglio linfático axilar metastásico al momento del diagnóstico conjuntamente con la biopsia del ganglio centinela en paciente con cáncer de mama tratada con quimioterapia neoadyuvante con respuesta completa clínica y ecográficamente, demostrando su seguridad y eficacia. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Paciente con cáncer de mama y ganglio linfático metastásico en axila ipsilateral marcado con carbón vegetal al confirmarse ese diagnóstico y tratada con quimioterapia neoadyuvante con posterior negativización tanto clínica como ecográfica del ganglio linfático metastásico. Se planificó para disección axilar dirigida (extirpación del ganglio marcado con carbón vegetal y biopsia de ganglio centinela) con el fin de demostrar la eficacia del marcador utilizado y su relación o no con el ganglio centinela. Resultados: Se comprobó la identificación certera del ganglio afectado marcado con carbón vegetal el cual no presentó migración del colorante o reacción inflamatoria local coincidiendo además con dos ganglios centinelas todos con respuesta patológica completa. El carbón permaneció 153 días desde su administración hasta la cirugía axilar. Conclusión: Esta experiencia admite el marcaje con carbón vegetal del ganglio axilar metastásico al momento de su diagnóstico como un método seguro, sencillo, económico y accesible en relación a otros métodos de marcaje, además su asociación con la biopsia del ganglio centinela nos permite prescindir de la disección axilar en caso de respuesta patológica completa, sin embargo, es importante resaltar que se necesitan evaluar más casos para obtener conclusiones determinantes(AU)

To describe the surgical technique of targeted axillary dissection using charcoal marking of the metastatic lymph node at the time of diagnosis together with sentinel node biopsy in a breast cancer patient who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with complete clinical and sonographical response, demonstrating its safety and efficacy. Material and Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study. Patient with breast cancer and metastatic lymph node in the ipsilateral axilla which was marked with charcoal upon confirmation of this diagnosis and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with subsequent clinical and sonographical negativization of the metastatic lymph node. It was planned for targeted axillary dissection (removal of charcoal-marked lymph node and sentinel node biopsy) in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the marker used and its relationship or not with the sentinel node. Results: The correct identification of the affected lymph node marked with charcoal was verified, which did not present dye migration or local inflammatory reaction, also coinciding with two sentinel nodes, all of them with a complete pathological response. The charcoal remained 153 days from its administration until the axillary surgery. Conclusion: This experience supports charcoal marking of the metastatic lymph node at the time of diagnosis as a safe, simple, inexpensive and accessible method in relation to other marking methods, in addition its association with sentinel node biopsy allows us to dispense with axillary dissection in case of complete pathological response, however it is important to highlight that more cases need to be evaluated to obtain decisive conclusions(AU)

Advances in Clinical Application and Hemostatic Mechanism of Charcoal Drugs of Chinese Materia Medica / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， charcoal drugs are widely used in clinical treatment of various bleeding syndromes， in addition， they also have the effect in anti-diarrhea and anti-ulcer， but charcoal drugs are especially effective in stopping bleeding. According to the changes in the properties after processing， the hemostatic effect of charcoal drugs can be roughly divided into two categories. One is not used for hemostasis itself， but used for hemostasis after processing. The other is used for hemostasis itself， and the drug properties are changed or the hemostatic ability is enhanced after processing. By summarizing researches on historical evolution， processing mechanism and pharmacological effects of the commonly used hemostatic charcoal drugs， the author found that preservation or increase of active substances after processing was closely related to the hemostatic effect of charcoal drugs. The hemostatic mechanism mainly involves the influence of coagulation system and platelet function， etc. At the same time， combined with the theory of Qi chromatograph of TCM supramolecular， this paper puts forward the supramolecular research strategy on hemostatic mechanism of charcoal drugs， in order to provide reference for revealing the scientific connotation of charcoal drugs for hemostasis.

Study on Correlation of Chromaticity Value with Multiple Indicators in Schizonepeta tenui folia Charcoal of Different Processing Time / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the co rrelation of the chro maticity value of Schizonepeta tenuifolia charcoal of different processing time（0-40 min，similarly herein after）with multiple indicators ，and to reveal the quality change law of S. tenuifolia charcoal during processing and confirm the terminal time. METHODS ：The contents of ethanol-soluble extracts from S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time were determined. UPLC fingerprint of S. tenuifolia decoction pieces and S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time were established ，and the similarity evaluation was also conducted. The chromatographic peaks were confirmed by comparison with substance control. The same UPLC conditions were used to determine the contents of index components （hesperidin，rosmarinic acid ，menthone）in S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time. The colorimetric method was used to measure the chromaticity value of S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time. Meanwhile ，sample of processing 0 min was used as a control to calculate the total color value （E）and the total color difference value （ΔE）. Pearson correlation analysis ，cluster analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）were performed on the ethanol-soluble extracts ，index component contents ，chromatographic peak area and chromaticity value. The terminal time of processing S. tenuifolia charcoal was conf irmed，and validation test was also conducted. RESULTS ：With the extension of processing time ， the content of ethanol-soluble extract in S. tenuifolia charcoal qq.com decoction pieces gradually decreased. A total of 17 chromato- graphic peaks were identified in 12 batches of S. tenuifolia decoction piece ，and its si milarity with the control fingerprint was greater than 0.9. 21 chromatographic peaks were identified in S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time，and its similarity with the chromatogram of sample of processing 0 min decreased with the processing time ，and the similarity after 18 min was lower than 0.9. The chromatographic peak 9 was hesperidin ，peak 10 was rosmarinic acid and peak 17 was menthone. The determination of content and chromaticity value showed that with the extension of processing time ，the contents of hesperidin ，rosmarinic acid and menthone decreased gradually ；the color L，b and E values of S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction piece powder decreased gradually ，and the a and ΔE values increased gradually. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，hesperidin，rosmarinic acid and menthone ，the peak areas of 15 chromatographic peaks （peak 2，7-15，17-21）were significantly positively correlated with E value（P＜0.01）；the peak areas of 5 chromatographic peaks （peak 1，3-6）were significantly negatively correlated with E value（P＜0.01），but peak area of peak 16 was not related to E value（P＞ 0.05）. Results of cluster analysis showed that S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time were divided into 2 categories；the first category was processed for 0-16 min，and the second category was processed for 18-40 min. The results of OPLS-DA showed that the VIP values of peak 6 area（2.800 75），L value（2.327 54），peak 3 area（1.793 39），b value（1.735 78） and peak 5 area（1.244 04）were greater than 1. The final processing time of S. tenuifolia charcoal was 18 min. The results of validation experiment showed that the L，a and b values of S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction piece were 20.22-22.00，4.44-7.67， 9.78-13.00，and ΔE were 13.50-14.12，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：The chromaticity value of S. tenuifolia charcoal decoction pieces of different processing time is closely related to the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，hesperidin，rosmarinic acid ， menthone and the area of 20 chromatographic peaks. It is suggested that the terminal time of processing S. tenuifolia is 18 min.

Antidiarrheal activity of aqueous ethanol extract of Cyperus esculentus tuber in albino rats

Cyperus esculentus is used in the treatment of diarrhea in traditional medicine. Antidiarrheal activity of aqueousethanol extract of C. esculentus tuber was investigated in albino rats with castor oil induced and charcoal mealassays. Acute toxicity and preliminary phytochemical constituents were determined. Fifty albino rats were dividedinto five groups of five animals each for each assay. The extract was administered at doses of 250, 500, and 1,000mg/kg, loperamide at 2 mg/kg, and atropine at 0.1 mg/kg (positive control groups), while 1% tracaganth mucilagewas given to negative control group. The LD50 was above 5,000 mg/kg. Phytochemical evaluation indicated thepresence of steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, and saponins. A non-statistically significant (p > 0.05) decrease inmean weight of wet feces (1.71 ± 1.23 g, 1.75 ± 0.77 g) and mean frequency of watery defecation (1.6 ± 1.03,1.8 ± 0.97) at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg extract doses. Percentage inhibition of defecation was 46.7% and 40% at 500and 1,000 mg/kg doses of the extract, respectively, while that of loperamide was 46.7% relative to the negativecontrol in castor oil induced test. The findings have shown that the aqueous ethanol extract of C. esculentus tuberseems to possess anti-secretory effect but does not have anti-motility effect.

Determination of plasma protein binding of peptide drug candidates by dextran-coated charcoal / 中国药科大学学报

@#The conventional equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration methods cannot be used to determine the protein binding of some peptides because of their non-specific adsorption on the semipermeable membrane or poor stability in the plasma. The method of dextran-coated charcoal adsorption combined with LC-MS/MS were used. Based on the kinetic principle of initial rate of candidate drugs absorbed to dextran-coated charcoal, seven phosphorylated peptides with the same amino acid sequence and different configurations in rat plasma were selected as the study model using; the protein binding in rat plasma were determined; the amino acid distribution rules affecting the changes in protein binding rates of peptide candidate drugs were summarized. The results suggest that the dextran charcoal adsorption method, as a supplementary method for the determination of plasma protein binding, is suitable for peptides or organic drug candidates that cannot be determined by traditional techniques.

Analysis of Water Adsorption and Thermodynamic Properties of Three Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Decoction Pieces / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the moisture adsorption and thermodynamic characteristics of raw products， wine-processed products and fried charcoal products of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， in order to guide their drying and storage. Method:Static isotherm weighing method was used to determine the adsorption isotherm curves of three Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces at 25， 35， 45 ℃， and the test data were fitted with 7 commonly used water adsorption models to determine the best model for studying the adsorption thermodynamic parameters of these decoction pieces. Result:The best adsorption models of these three decoction pieces were all GAB model. At 25， 35， 45 ℃， the absolute safe moisture content of fried charcoal products was 7.43%， 6.79% and 6.20%， of wine-processed products was 8.68%， 8.17% and 7.03%， of raw products was 9.88%， 9.36% and 7.77%， respectively. At 25， 35， 45 ℃， the relative safe moisture content of fried charcoal products was 9.46%， 8.63% and 8.21%， of wine-processed products was 11.49%， 11.03% and 9.74%， of raw products was 13.49%， 12.66% and 11.14%， respectively. The net equivalent heat of adsorption （Qst） and differential entropy （Sd） of these three kinds of decoction pieces all decreased with the increase of equilibrium moisture content， Qst and Sd were in accordance with the entropy-enthalpy complementary theory. The constant velocity temperatures of raw products， wine-processed products and fried charcoal products of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were 386.66， 391.15， 394.34 K （unit conversion of 1 K=-272.15 ℃）， their Gibbs free energies were 0.372 2， 0.406 0， 0.372 2 kJ·mol-1， respectively. Their adsorption processes were an unspontaneous process driven by enthalpy. Conclusion:The orders of equilibrium moisture content， monomolecular layer moisture content， Qst and Sd of three Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces are all raw products>wine-processed products>fried charcoal products. The moisture absorption capacity of the decoction pieces is ranked as raw products>wine-processed products>fried charcoal products. The frying and roasting process significantly affects the hygroscopicity and thermodynamic properties of the three decoction pieces， the reason for this difference may be that the high temperature of the stir-frying results in the decrease of the hygroscopic groups and the increase of the hydrophobic materials in raw products， and the change in the texture of the decoction pieces. The research on the water adsorption characteristics of three Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces can provide reference for selecting their storage conditions and drying process.

Intoxicaciones exógenas por intentos suicidas en una unidad de cuidados intensivos / Exogenous intoxications due to suicide attempts in an intensive care unit

Introducción: Las intoxicaciones exógenas agudas son tan antiguas como la humanidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los pacientes con intoxicación exógena aguda atribuible a intento suicida. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de 26 pacientes con el citado diagnóstico, atendidos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Orlando Pantoja Tamayo de Contramaestre, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2017. Las variables analizadas fueron: grupos etarios, sexo, ocupación, tóxicos utilizados por estos pacientes, escala de Glasgow al ingreso, uso del carbón activado y tiempo de empleo, así como tipo de tratamiento. Resultados: En la serie prevalecieron los pacientes de 20-39 y 40-59 años de edad, así como los psicofármacos, seguidos por organofosforados, antiinflamatorios y antihistamínicos como los tóxicos más usados. En más de la mitad de los afectados la escala de Glasgow osciló entre 9 y 13 puntos. El lavado gástrico y el carbón activado fueron los métodos de desintoxicación más empleados. Conclusiones: Las intoxicaciones exógenas constituyen una verdadera urgencia médica, por tanto, es importante tener en cuenta el tiempo trascurrido entre el accidente y el tratamiento. Cuanto más precoz sea la intervención médica requerida, mejor será el pronóstico final de estos pacientes; por ello las acciones en el nivel primario de atención son determinantes.

Introduction: The acute exogenous intoxications are as old as humanity. Objective: To characterize the patients with acute exogenous intoxication attributable to suicide attempt. Method: A descriptive and retrospective study of 26 patients with this diagnosis, assisted in the Intensive Cares Unit of Orlando Pantoja Tamayo Teaching General Hospital in Contramaestre, Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to December, 2017. The analyzed variables were: age groups, sex, occupation, toxics used by these patients, Glasgow scale at admission, use of charcoal and time of use, as well as type of treatment. Results: In the series the 20-39 and 40-59 years patients prevailed, as well as the psycho drugs, followed by organophosphorus compounds, anti-inflammatory and histamine antagonists as the most used toxics. In more than half of those affected patients the Glasgow scale oscillated between 9 and 13 points. The gastric lavage and charcoal were the most used detoxification methods. Conclusions: The exogenous intoxications constitute a true medical emergency, therefore, it is important to keep in mind the time between the accident and the treatment. The earlier the required medical intervention, the better will be the final prognosis of these patients; reason why the actions in the primary care level are determining.